Bruce Nauman graduated from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA (1964) and from the University of California, Davis, USA (1966). His earliest gallery exhibitions were held by Leo Castelli and Konrad Fischer in the 1960s. His recent solo exhibitions have been held at such venues as White Cube, London (2012); Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin (2010); the Castello di Rivoli Museo d’Arte Contemporanea, Torino, Italy, and the Menil Collection, Houston (2007); mumok, Vienna (2005); and Tate Modern, London (2004). Nauman has won the Golden Lion at the Venice Biennale twice (1999, 2009), received the Praemium Imperiale Prize for Visual Arts, Japan (2004), was made a member of the Berlin Academy of Arts (1997), and received the Max Beckmann Prize (1990). He holds honorary doctoral degrees in fine arts from the San Francisco Art Institute (1989) and the California Institute of the Arts, Valencia, CA, USA (2000).